Scalar functions ​

Scalar functions evaluate expressions and return one value per input row. They transform text, numbers, dates, structured values and other SQL data.

Calling a function ​

function_name(argument, ...)

Function names ignore ASCII case. Use the documented spelling, including underscores. Accepted argument counts, conversion rules and NULL behavior are stated for each function; similar names in another database do not imply identical overloads.

SELECT lower('HELLO'), abs(-7), coalesce(NULL, 'fallback')
FORMAT csv;

"hello",7,"fallback"

Unlike scalar functions, aggregates combine rows, table functions provide rows in FROM, and window functions read related rows while retaining each input row.

Function families ​

• Arithmetic functions
• Array functions
• Bit functions
• Comparison functions
• Conditional functions and CASE
• Date and time functions
• Vector distances
• Encoding and binary functions
• Functions for NULL values
• Geographic functions
• Hash and digest functions
• IP address and network functions
• JSON functions
• Logical expressions
• Mathematical functions
• Utility functions
• Random functions
• Rounding functions
• Splitting and joining strings
• String functions
• String replacement functions
• String search and full-text functions
• Tuple functions
• Map functions
• Type conversion functions
• UUID functions